Birth outcomes refer to the results of pregnancy and childbirth, including the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. This research area focuses on investigating factors that can influence the outcome of a birth, such as maternal health, prenatal care, access to healthcare services, social determinants of health, and environmental factors. Researchers in this field aim to identify risk factors for adverse birth outcomes, develop interventions to improve outcomes, and promote maternal and infant health. Studies in this area may examine a wide range of outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, birth defects, maternal mortality, and infant mortality. Understanding birth outcomes is important for improving the overall health and well-being of mothers and babies.